Co-located frequency-agile system and method

ABSTRACT

A method is described comprising: receiving a synchronization packet transmitted form a first device; receiving a data packet transmitted from the first device, the data packet being offset from the synchronization packet by a particular amount of time; and identifying the first device based on the amount of time from which the data packet is offset from the synchronization packet.  
     Also disclosed is a method implemented on a first wireless device comprising: transmitting a synchronization packet to a second wireless device; and transmitting a first data packet to the second wireless device, the first data packet being offset from the synchronization packet by a first amount of time, wherein the first amount of time from which the first data packet is offset from the synchronization packet identifies said first wireless device to said second wireless device.

PRIORITY

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/203,255 filed May 8, 2000 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/203,127 filed May 8, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] This invention relates generally to voice and data communication systems, and more particularly to wireless transmission protocols.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] Bluetooth is a short-range radio standard intended to replace the cables connecting portable and fixed electronic devices. The standard, which operates in the unlicensed Industrial-Scientific-Medical (“ISM”) band at 2.4 GHz, focuses on robustness, low complexity, low power, and low cost. A frequency-agile or frequency “hop” protocol is applied to provide security and limit interference, and a shaped, binary FM modulation is used to minimize transceiver complexity. A symbol rate of 1 Ms/s, is maintained with a slotted channel having a nominal slot length of 625 ms.

[0006] For full duplex transmission, a Time-Division Duplex (“TDD”) scheme is implemented. Under a TDD scheme the same channel is broken into time slots, with specified time slots used for transmitting and others for receiving. Information is exchanged through data packets which typically cover a single slot, but which may be extended to cover up to five slots, depending on the application. Additional features of the Bluetooth standard are described in Jaap Haartsen, Bluetooth—The Universal Radio Interface for ad hoc, Wireless Connectivity, ERICSSON REVIEW No. 3, (1998).

[0007] Referring to FIG. 1, the “Bluetooth” specification is comprised of several different protocol layers including a radio frequency (“RF”) layer 160, a baseband layer (“BB”) 150, a link control layer (“LC”) 140, a link manager layer (“LM”) 130, a logical link control and adaptation protocol layer (“L2CAP”), and a serial line emulation layer (“RFCOM”). The functionality of each of these layers (as well as additional Bluetooth protocol layers) is described in detail in Bluetooth Protocol Architecture, Version 1.0 (Aug. 25, 1999) (“Bluetooth Protocol Architecture”), which can be found at “http://www.bluetooth.com.”

[0008] Because Bluetooth is defined as a bidirectional protocol, devices are typically required to have both a receiver and a transmitter in order to comply with the Bluetooth standard (i.e., the Bluetooth protocol assumes bidirectional signaling for all devices in a Bluetooth network, referred to as a “piconet”). However, a number of potential Bluetooth devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, speakers, ear pieces, . . . etc) are not bidirectional in nature. The applications these devices support exist only as data sources or as data sinks. For example, wireless input devices such as a wireless keyboards are typically only required to transmit data. Similarly, wireless output devices such as wireless audio ear pieces or wireless video monitors are typically only required to receive data. Accordingly, from an application standpoint, these devices only require unidirectional communication.

[0009] What is needed is a system and method for providing unidirectional communication between wireless devices when bidirectional communication is unnecessary. What is also needed is a system and method for synchronizing data transmission between wireless devices when unidirectional communication is implemented. What is also needed is a system and method which will work seamlessly with the Bluetooth protocol.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] A method is described comprising: receiving a synchronization packet transmitted form a first device; receiving a data packet transmitted from the first device, the data packet being offset from the synchronization packet by a particular amount of time; and identifying the first device based on the amount of time from which the data packet is offset from the synchronization packet.

[0011] Also disclosed is a method implemented on a first wireless device comprising: transmitting a synchronization packet to a second wireless device; and transmitting a first data packet to the second wireless device, the first data packet being offset from the synchronization packet by a first amount of time, wherein the first amount of time from which the first data packet is offset from the synchronization packet identifies said first wireless device to said second wireless device.

[0012] Also disclosed is a wireless apparatus comprising: synchronization packet detection logic configured to detect a synchronization packet transmitted from a second wireless device; and identification logic configured to identify the second wireless device based on a timing offset between the synchronization packet and a subsequent data packet transmitted by the second wireless device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained from the following detailed description in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

[0014]FIG. 1 illustrates a typical allocation of a Bluetooth protocol stack between a host processing environment and a Bluetooth IC.

[0015]FIG. 2 illustrates various steps and associated timing required to establish communication between two Bluetooth devices.

[0016]FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of a co-located frequency-agile transmitter.

[0017]FIG. 4 illustrates timing between synch packets and data packets in one embodiment of the invention.

[0018]FIG. 5 illustrates additional timing features implemented in embodiments of the invention.

[0019]FIG. 6 illustrates a typical Bluetooth-enabled device including both a data source and a data sink.

[0020]FIG. 7a illustrates one embodiment of the invention including a transmit-only Bluetooth device.

[0021]FIG. 7b illustrates one embodiment of the invention including a receive-only Bluetooth device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the underlying principles of the invention.

[0023] In a typical configuration, Bluetooth “slave” devices enter standby mode and loose sync with the network clock (i.e., the “master” device's clock) in order to save power, trading responsiveness for power savings. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 2, in order to reestablish a connection, the slave device invokes an “inquiry” procedure 210 to obtain the identity of the other devices within it's transmission range. Under this procedure, the slave device transmits packets containing an inquiry access code common to all Bluetooth devices over specified inquiry access carriers. As indicated, this procedure takes 5.12 seconds on average and can take as long as 15.36 seconds.

[0024] When another device (e.g., the master device) receives the inquiry, it transmits a page packet containing it's identity code and clock to the slave device. As shown, the time required for the slave device to receive each response is 0.64 seconds on average and can take as long as 7.68 seconds. Accordingly, the total average time required to reestablish a communication channel is 5.67 seconds and, in some situations, as long as 23.04 seconds. This is an unacceptable response delay for numerous potential Bluetooth applications (e.g. wireless keyboards, wireless mice, etc).

[0025] One potential mechanism for solving the foregoing problem with response time is to require the slave device to maintain synchronization with the network clock (i.e., by receiving and transmitting periodically). This requirement, however, consumes excess energy, potentially draining limited battery power without directly servicing the needs of the appliance; or, alternatively, requires that a potentially impracticably large energy reserve be built into the product.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0026] Embodiments of the invention described below provide a more efficient, cost effective solution for configuring Bluetooth devices. These embodiments are capable of remaining active for extended periods of time using limited energy sources while at the same time providing improved response times when establishing network communication channels.

[0027] As illustrated in FIG. 3, one embodiment of the invention is comprised of a proprietary protocol stack 315 (including a transmitter and receiver pair) operating in parallel with the Bluetooth protocol stack 310. As will be described in detail below, the proprietary protocol stack 315 in one embodiment operates in a mode that does not require continuous synchronization between wireless devices (as does the Bluetooth protocol). Also included in this embodiment are a pair of transceivers 311 and 316, through which the wireless transmitter/receiver device 300 communicates to one or more other wireless devices 320-322.

[0028] Each of the protocol stacks 310 and 315 and associated transceivers 311 and 316 may communicate using a frequency-agile protocol in which data packets are transmitted in sequential time slots at different frequencies (portions of the Bluetooth frequency-agile protocol are described above). In one embodiment, each of the transceivers 311, 316 operate within overlapping frequency bands but subscribe to different orthogonal signaling algorithms. The transceivers 311, 316 and the protocol stacks 310, 315 in one embodiment operate independently, sharing components as appropriate within the respective wireless device 300.

[0029] In one embodiment, the device 300 may interface with a host processor environment 305 (e.g., a general purpose processor such as a Pentium®-class processor running an operating system such as WindowsNT®) over a host processor interface 304. The wireless transmitter/receiver device 300 may be configured to communicate with the host processor environment 305 by physically interfacing with various proprietary buses or industry standard buses such as, for example, the Universal Serial Bus (“USB”), a Peripheral Component Interconnect Bus (“PCI”), or an Industry Standard Architecture bus (“ISA”). It should be noted, however, that the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particular bus configuration.

[0030] As illustrated in FIG. 3, one embodiment of the invention is capable of communicating with wireless devices which support the standard Bluetooth protocol (e.g., device 322) as well as devices that support a proprietary protocol (e.g., devices 320 and 321). Other devices (not shown) may be configured to operate with either both the standard Bluetooth protocol 310 and the proprietary protocol 315, depending on the circumstances. For example, a device may be configured to communicate using the standard Bluetooth protocol when actively communicating with the wireless transmitter/receiver device 300 but may switch to the proprietary protocol when operating in “standby” mode (i.e., not actively communicating). In this embodiment, once the device leaves standby mode, the wireless transmitter/receiver device 300 may coordinate the switch from the proprietary protocol 315 to the Bluetooth protocol 310.

Embodiments of the Proprietary Protocol

[0031] One embodiment of a proprietary protocol 315 will now be described with respect to FIG. 4. According to this embodiment, when a wireless external device such as a wireless keyboard (e.g., device 320 in FIG. 3) or mouse is ready to transmit data (e.g., in response to a user action), it initially transmits a synchronization packet 420. In one embodiment, the receiving device (e.g., the wireless transmitter/receiver 300 of FIG. 3) periodically allocates a timing window 410 within which it listens for synchronization packets 420 transmitted from other devices. Once it detects the synchronization packet 420, it then listens for a data packet 422 following the synchronization packet 420 by a specified offset 432. The data packet 422 contains the underlying data to be processed by the receiving device 300 and/or the host processor.

[0032] In one embodiment, the receiving device 300 uses the offset 432 between the synchronization packet 420 and the data packet 422 to identify the wireless device which transmitted the data packet. For example, the receiving device may maintain a lookup table in memory which links timing offsets to various device addresses. Thus, referring to FIG. 4, the receiving device may identify data packet 422 as originating from a wireless keyboard based on the offset 432 between the packet 422 and the synchronization packet 420 and may similarly distinguish data packet 423 as originating from the wireless mouse based on offset 434.

[0033] Alternatively, or in addition, the offsets 432 and 434 may be used to identify the type of data being transmitted by the wireless device. For example, the data packets 422 and 423 may originate from the same wireless device and the offsets 432 and 434, respectively, may identify a characteristic of the data being transmitted (e.g., data may be defined as low priority, medium priority, high priority . . . etc).

[0034] It will be appreciated that the foregoing embodiments allow multiple devices to communicate with one another over a wireless network with minimum latency and without the need for continually maintaining clock synchronization with one another. For example, a keyboard employing this technology may sit idle for days, out of synch with the transmitter/receiver device 300. However, as soon as a user selects a key, a synchronization packet 420 is sent to the wireless transmitter/receiver 300 (which listens for the synch packet 420 within the synch packet window 410). The transmitter/receiver 300 may then identify the keyboard based on the offset 432 between the synchronization packet 420 and the data packet 422.

[0035] In one embodiment, the wireless device transmits synchronization packets 420 to the transmitter/receiver device 300 periodically. While there are no minimum or maximum transmission rates, in one embodiment data bursts from the wireless device may be as frequent as 10 transmissions per second (e.g., 100 ms per key on a keyboard).

Frequency Hopping and Time Diversity

[0036] Many devices operate in the microwave spectrum (i.e., 1 GHz and above) including microwave ovens, communications satellites, Personal Communications Services (“PCS”) cellular systems and wireless LANs. As such, Bluetooth devices which operate within this same frequency range (i.e., 2 GHz), may be particularly susceptible to interference.

[0037] One embodiment of the invention directed at limiting microwave interference is illustrated in FIG. 5. This embodiment defines transmission windows of 8.66 msec based on a typical microwave device duty cycle of 50% (i.e., 16.66 msec×0.50=8.33 msec). Within each 8.33 msec transmission window, data packets are transmitted twice, thereby improving the likelihood that one of the two packets will make it through to its destination.

[0038] Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 5, packet T_(X) 1 is transmitted twice within the first 8.33 msec window and packet T_(x) 2 is transmitted twice within the second 8.33 msec transmission window. In this particular embodiment, each of the 8.33 msec windows is separated by a window which is a multiple ‘N’ of the transmission window (e.g., 2×8.33 msec, 3×8.33 msec, . . . etc). The multiple ‘N’ may be based the particular offsets 432, 434 configured into the system (i.e., the multiple may represent the difference between the offsets 432, 434). In addition, to further limit interference, in one embodiment the various data packet transmissions occur at a different hop frequencies f1, f1, f3 and f4.

Transmit-Only and Receive-Only Devices

[0039] A typical Bluetooth device 600 is illustrated in FIG. 6. The device 600 includes both a data source 610 and a data sink 611 which communicate through the Bluetooth protocol stack 620 (including transmit and receive protocol elements 621 and 622). A transceiver unit 630 provides the physical or RF layer functionality for transmitting and receiving data over wireless channels according to the Bluetooth specification.

[0040] As described above, certain applications require only a unidirectional transmission capability. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, an input-only device 320 such as a keyboard is inherently a data source (i.e., it is only required to generate data and not receive data). Similarly, an output-only device 321 such as a video monitor or an audio ear-piece are inherently data sinks (i.e., they are only required to receive data). For these applications, the typical Bluetooth implementation shown in FIG. 6 is inefficient.

[0041] Referring to FIG. 7a, a wireless device 700 according to one embodiment of the invention is comprised of a data source 710 and a protocol stack 720 for supporting the data source 710 (including a data transmission component 721). In addition, in one embodiment, the transceiver 730 is configured as a transmit-only transceiver (i.e., it is only capable of transmitting data and not receiving data). Because all unnecessary hardware and software (i.e., hardware and software associated with receiving data) are removed from the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7a, significant cost savings are realized. In addition, because the hardware footprint and memory requirements for the device are significantly reduced, the device can be manufactured using a more compact printed circuit board (“PCB”)/enclosure design.

[0042] Similarly, referring to FIG. 7b, a wireless device 701 according to one embodiment of the invention is comprised of a data sink 711 and a protocol stack 724 for supporting the data sink 711 (including a data receive component 722). In contrast to the transmit-only device 700, the transceiver 731 in the illustrated embodiment is configured as a receive-only transceiver (i.e., it is only capable of receiving data and not transmitting data). Once again, because all unnecessary hardware and software (i.e., hardware and software associated with transmitting data) are removed from the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7b, significant cost savings are realized. Moreover, as with the transmit-only device 300, the hardware footprint and memory requirements for the receive-only device 301 are significantly reduced.

[0043] It is important to note that the apparatus and method described herein may be implemented in environments other than a physical integrated circuit (“IC”). For example, the circuitry may be incorporated into a format or machine-readable medium for use within a software tool for designing a semiconductor IC. Examples of such formats and/or media include computer readable media having a VHSIC Hardware Description Language (“VHDL”) description, a Register Transfer Level (“RTL”) netlist, and/or a GDSII description with suitable information corresponding to the described apparatus and method.

[0044] Throughout the foregoing description, for the purpose of explanation, numerous specific details were set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. For example, while the embodiments described above focused on the Bluetooth protocol, many of the underlying principles of the invention may practiced using various other types of wireless and terrestrial protocols. Accordingly, the scope and spirit of the invention should be judged in terms of the claims which follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving a synchronization packet transmitted form a first device; receiving a first data packet transmitted from said first device, said first data packet being offset from said synchronization packet by a first amount of time; and identifying said first device based on said first amount of time from which said data packet is offset from said synchronization packet.
 2. The method as in claim 1 further comprising listening for said synchronization packet periodically within a predetermined window of time.
 3. The method as in claim 1 further comprising processing data stored within said data packet.
 4. The method as in claim 1 further comprising: receiving a second data packet transmitted from a second device, said second data packet being offset from said synchronization packet by a second amount of time; and identifying said second device based on said second amount of time from which said second data packet is offset from said synchronization packet.
 5. The method as in claim 1 further comprising: receiving a second data packet transmitted from said first device, said second data packet being offset from said synchronization packet by said first amount of time; and identifying said first device based on said first amount of time from which said second data packet is offset from said synchronization packet.
 6. The method as in claim 4 wherein said first data packet and said second data packet are transmitted at different frequencies.
 7. The method as in claim 5 wherein said first data packet and said second data packet are transmitted at different frequencies.
 8. The method as in claim 1 wherein said first device is a wireless input device.
 9. The method as in claim 1 wherein said first device is a wireless mouse.
 10. The method as in claim 1 wherein said first device is a wireless keyboard.
 11. A method implemented on a first wireless device comprising: transmitting a synchronization packet to a second wireless device; and transmitting a first data packet to said second wireless device, said first data packet being offset from said synchronization packet by a first amount of time, wherein said first amount of time from which said first data packet is offset from said synchronization packet identifies said first wireless device to said second wireless device.
 12. The method as in claim 11 further comprising transmitting said synchronization packet periodically to said second wireless device.
 13. The method as in claim 11 further comprising: transmitting a second data packet to said second wireless device, said second data packet being offset from said synchronization packet by said first amount of time, wherein said first amount of time from which said second data packet is offset from said synchronization packet identifies said first wireless device to said second wireless device.
 14. The method as in claim 13 wherein said first data packet and said second data packet are transmitted at different frequencies.
 15. The method as in claim 11 further comprising transmitting a second data packet to said second wireless device following transmission of said first data packet, said second data packet being identical to said first data packet.
 16. The method as in claim 15 wherein said first data packet and said second data packet are transmitted sequentially within a predefined transmission window.
 17. The method as in claim 16 wherein said predefined transmission window is approximately 8.33 msec in duration.
 18. The method as in claim 16 further comprising transmitting a third data packet to said second wireless device following transmission of said second data packet, said third data packet being different from said first and second data packets.
 19. The method as in claim 18 wherein said third data packet is transmitted at a specified time following transmission of said second data packet, said specified time being equal to a multiple of said predefined transmission window.
 20. A wireless apparatus comprising: synchronization packet detection logic configured to detect a synchronization packet transmitted from a second wireless device; and identification logic configured to identify said second wireless device based on a timing offset between said synchronization packet and a subsequent data packet transmitted by said second wireless device.
 21. The wireless apparatus as in claim 20 further comprising: Bluetooth protocol logic configured to communicate with wireless devices according to the Bluetooth protocol.
 22. The wireless apparatus as in claim 20 further comprising: interface logic for interfacing with a host processor environment.
 23. The wireless apparatus as in claim 22 wherein said interface logic includes a physical bus interface.
 24. The wireless apparatus as in claim 23 wherein said physical bus interface is a Universal Serial Bus (“USB”) interface.
 25. The wireless apparatus as in claim 21 wherein said identification logic is comprised of a lookup table stored in memory, said lookup table associating one or more offsets with one or more wireless devices.
 26. The wireless apparatus as in claim 21 wherein said second wireless device is an input device.
 27. The wireless apparatus as in claim 26 wherein said second wireless device is a wireless keyboard. 